Patterns of mortality in middle and early old age in the county boroughs of England and Wales.

Studies on infant mortality--Part II. Social aetiology of stillbirths and infant deaths in county boroughs of England and Wales.

Mortality and the concentration of elements in tap water in county boroughs in England and Wales.

To explain the associations of water hardness and air temperature with area differences in ischaemic heart disease mortality, samples of tap water were obtained from homes in 61 county boroughs in England and Wales, and the concentration of calcium and 12 other elements was estimated. Multiple regressions were calculated with the death rates from various causes as dependent variables and with t...

Mortality from ischaemic heart disease--association with weather.

There is evidence to suggest that mortality from ischaemic heart disease is associated with social class, water hardness, rainfall, and temperature. In a comparison of 61 county boroughs, Gardner, Crawford, and Morris (1969) investigated the relationship between cardiovascular mortality and 80 environmental indices which they reduced to five principal components-social factor score, domestic ai...

Malformations of central nervous system and softness of local water supplies.

The mean annual prevalence at birth of congenital malformations of the central nervous system for the three years 1964-6 in 48 local authority areas in South Wales was negatively correlated (r = -0.402, P<0.01) with estimates of the mean total hardness of the related water supplies.The mean annual perinatal mortality rate from anencephalus for the five years 1963-7 in 58 county boroughs in Engl...

Winter excess mortality: a comparison between Norway and England plus Wales.

Seasonal fluctuations in mortality are associated with age, outdoor temperature, and influenza. The relative excess winter mortality is approximately twice as high in the UK compared with the Scandinavian countries. Using data from Norway and England plus Wales, this study compares the effect of age, temperature and influenza on winter excess mortality in the two countries. Bivariate analyses s...